离子浓度和一氧化氮供体对池塘养殖鳗鲡精子活力的影响

鳗鲡是世界性的优质养殖鱼类,20世纪80年代以来养鳗业迅速发展,已成为水产产业化程度最高的养殖品种之一,但养殖所需的苗种完全靠天然捕捞。早在1934年Boucher等[1]就用孕妇尿促使雄性欧洲鳗(A.anguilla)精巢成熟,Yamamoto和Yamauch于1974年对日本鳗鲡进行人工催熟获得精子[2],但多年来鳗鲡精子质量和数量一直在波动(数量JOURNALOFFISHERIESOFCHINA　　　　　　　　　　　Vol.27,No.4　为0.1～0.4g,运动精子为20%～50%)[3,4],因此,如何稳定和提高精子的质量和数量的研究是非常必要的。绝大多数鱼类的受精过程是在体外条件下进…     

栉孔扇贝神经节一氧化氮合酶的组织化学和免疫组化定位

采用组织化学和免疫组化技术对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)神经节内的一氧化氮合酶(NOS)进行定位研究。组织化学显示,存在NOS的部位如下：脑神经节内纵行的神经纤维和表层的少量小细胞;足神经节表层的大量小细胞,中央大量水平分布的神经纤维;脏神经节中部大量水平分布的神经纤维,前叶内大量小细胞和神经纤维,后叶内少量小细胞和许多环行神经纤维,侧叶内大量似放射状分布的神经纤维;脑足和脑脏神经索内的神经纤维。免疫组化定位表明,神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在整个神经系统内均呈阴性;足神经节和脏神经节内有少量神经细胞呈内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)强阳性;各神经节和神经索内的部分小细胞和神经纤维呈eNOS弱阳性。栉孔扇贝进化上为较低等的贝类,NOS阳性神经细胞应主要分布于外周器官组织内。神经系统内大量的NOS可在其神经传导和免疫调节等方面发挥重要的作用。     

嗜酸小球菌对凡纳滨对虾体液免疫因子的影响

在饲料中添加不同剂量的嗜酸小球菌投喂凡纳滨对虾,并在投喂后的20、40和60d,分别测定凡纳滨对虾血清中的一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、溶菌活力(Bacteriolytic activity)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP),并分析了这5种酶之间的相关性。结果显示,嗜酸小球菌能有效提高凡纳滨对虾体内的NOS、溶菌活力、T-SOD、ACP、AKP的活性;NOS与溶菌活力存在显著正相关性(P<0.05),与SOD存在显著负相关性,溶菌活力与AKP存在显著负相关性。表明在饲料中添加适量的嗜酸小球菌(剂量10mg/kg)可使凡纳滨对虾体液免疫因子活力到达较高的水平;凡纳滨对虾血清中一氧化氮合酶对于嗜酸小球菌的添加量较为敏感,可作为评价嗜酸小球菌使用效果的指标之一。     

Aortic expression of HSP22, TNF-α and eNOS in rats with hyperlipidemia and effects of atorvastatin

AIM:To establish a rat hyperlipidemia model for studying the aortic expression of heat shock protein 22 (HSP22), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the effect of atorvastatin intervention. METHODS:Hyperlipidemia model was established in SD rats. Afterwards, the rats were divided into normal control group, high fat group and high fat+atorvastatin intervention group. The expression of HSP22 and TNF-α in the rat aortas was detected by immunohistochemical assay and the expression of eNOS was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS:No detectable expression of HSP22 and TNF-α in the normal control group was observed. However, the expression of HSP22 and TNF-α was positive in the high fat group and the atorvastatin intervention group. The mean densities of HSP22 and TNF-α positive particles were significant lower in the atorvastatin intervention group as compared with high fat group (both P＜0.05). The expression of eNOS protein in the high fat group and atorvastatin intervention group was significantly lower than that in normal control group (P<0.01). However, no marked difference of eNOS protein expression between high fat group and atorvastatins intervention group was observed. CONCLUSION: The expression of HSP22 and TNF-α in the rat aortas is increased in the hyperlipidemia rat model. This effect can be restored by atorvastatin treatment. The expression of eNOS in the rat aortas is decreased in the hyperlipidemia rat model, but this tendency could not be attenuated by atorvastatin.     

Effects of supplemental palygorskite instead of zinc oxide on growth performance,apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal zinc excretion in weaned piglets

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of palygorskite instead of zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and zinc contents in serum and feces in weaned piglets. One hundred and sixty‐five piglets (28 days of age, 7.10 ± 0.86 kg) were allotted to five treatments on the basis of weight and sex. Each treatment included three replicates of 11 piglets. The piglets were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0 mg/kg (control group), 1800 mg/kg, 2400 mg/kg, or 3000 mg/kg palygorskite or 2500 mg/kg ZnO for 28 days. There was no significant difference for incidence of diarrhea among the four treatments during the 0–14‐day feeding period. Compared with the control group, piglets offered diets supplemented with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite had higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and crude protein digestibility. Fecal digestibility of energy in 1800 mg/kg palygorskite and ZnO groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. Both the zinc concentrations in serum and fecal zinc excretion in palygorskite groups and control group were all lower (P < 0.05) than that in the ZnO group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility and can also decrease zinc excretion in feces in weaned piglets.     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

氧化铁纳米粒子对玉米生理效应影响的研究

为了有效地评估纳米粒子对植物潜在的生物毒性,选取玉米和氧化铁纳米粒子为研究对象,探讨氧化铁纳米粒子（nailo-Fe2O3）对玉米生理效应的影响。同时,测定抗氧化酶体系的酶活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,结果表明当受到氧化铁纳米粒子胁迫时,玉米会发生氧化应激反应,但这会激发玉米本身的保护机制,导致整个机体的抗氧化预防能力增强,使得机体的超氧阴离子自由基含量降低,减少对机体的损害。同时,通过玉米根的荧光切片和透射电镜切片,可以得出氧化铁纳米粒子从上皮层运输到皮质层主要是通过质外体途径．并且能够进入玉米细胞中、、这些为评估纳米粒子对植物的影响奠定基础。     

NO处理对采后芒果抗氧化酶系统的影响

[目的]探讨NO处理对采后芒果抗氧化酶系统的影响.[方法]以“吉禄”芒果为试验对象,用0.1 mmol/L的外源NO浸泡处理芒果果实30 min,25℃贮藏11d,分析NO处理对芒果果实中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）等抗氧化相关酶活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量变化的影响.[结果]NO处理能在一定程度上抑制芒果果实丙二醛含量的增加,并提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,从而延缓了采后芒果果实在贮藏过程中的衰老进程.[结论]研究可为NO用于芒果贮藏保鲜提供理论依据.